En una entrada reciente discutíamos el “mito de la nación católica”. Ese mito se fundamente, en parte, en la idea de que toda la población argentina pertenece a esa religión. Para la preparación de mi tesis doctoral estudié con detenimiento las estadísticas disponibles sobre la afiliación religiosa de la sociedad argentina. Aquí un resumen de lo que encontré:
Aunque no se sabe con exactitud, se calcula que en la primera mitad del siglo XX en torno al 95% de los habitantes se consideraban católicos. Es indudable que el catolicismo abarcaba por entonces a la amplia mayoría de la población. Sin embargo, aquellos números han de ser morigerados, ya que ha existido una tendencia a maximizar la proporción de católicos en la sociedad. El primer censo que oficialmente consultó sobre religión, por ejemplo, incluía como católicos –además de a quienes así lo declaraban- a aquellos que declaraban no profesar ninguna religión y a quienes el empadronador sospechaba que lo sean . Existía, además, una fuerte resistencia social a la disidencia religiosa, que hacía que muchos opten por ocultar su verdadera religión. La redacción de la pregunta del censo parece confirmar esta tendencia a considerar “normal” a lo católico y “fuera de lo normal” a las otras expresiones religiosas (o a la ausencia de religión). Se preguntaba entonces: “Si no es católico ¿qué religión tiene?”.
El censo de 1895 indica que de los 4.044.911 habitantes, 28.314 (0,7%) eran protestantes, mientras que 6.085 (0,15%) eran judíos. Conforme al censo de 1947, la población del país había ascendido a 15.893.827 habitantes. De ellos, se declaraban protestantes 317.876 (2%), mientras que 249.326 (1,5%) se reconocían como judíos. La población musulmana alcanzaba apenas el 0,1%. El último censo nacional que incluyó la cuestión religiosa fue el de 1960. Para entonces, la población argentina había crecido hasta alcanzar los 20.013.793 habitantes. Los protestantes vuelven a crecer proporcionalmente respecto al total, alcanzando un 2,6%: 520.358 personas. El crecimiento de los judíos se detiene, y de hecho decrecen en términos relativos. En aquel censo 275.913 personas se declaran judías, lo que equivale al 1,3% de la población total. Por su parte, los musulmanes continuaban orillando apenas el 0,1%. A partir de entonces la pregunta sobre la pertenencia religiosa sale de los censos oficiales, y por tanto las cifras más actuales provienen de encuestas, sondeos y estudios privados.
Comenzando el nuevo milenio, el mapa religioso argentino se ha modificado. La mayoría católica, que nunca antes había descendido del 90% de la población, se encuentra claramente por debajo de ese número. Los protestantes han crecido considerablemente, así como aquellos que no se afilian a ningún grupo religioso. Así lo confirma, por ejemplo, el estudio de Pew Research Center Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region. Cae el número de personas que se identifican como católicos (71%), mientras aumenta la proporción de protestantes (15%). Los nones ascienden a 11% (incluyendo 6% sin preferencia religiosa, 4% de ateos y 1% de agnósticos). Los adherentes a otras religiones alcanzan el 3%. De modo que la proporción total de personas pertenecientes a minorías religiosas es 18%, cifra que se eleva a 29% si se consideran a los religiosamente no afiliados.
Con casi un tercio de la población fuera del catolicismo, afirmar que Argentina es un país católico es más un acto de fe que un dato estadístico.

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